DeMarvion Overshown Injury News & Updates
Keep up with the latest injuries from the Eagles vs Cowboys game on Sunday with our National Football League injury report.Nov 13, 2025
Practices in full
Overshown (knee) was a full participant in Thursday's practice, Nick Harris of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown was activated from the reserve/PUP list on Nov. 11 and is ready to make his 2025 season debut. The weakside linebacker is expected to continue to log full practices in preparation for Monday's game and will likely mix in at linebacker alongside Kenneth Murray and the newly acquired Logan Wilson.
Nov 11, 2025
Activated from PUP
The Cowboys activated Overshown (knee) from the reserve/PUP list Tuesday, Tom Pelissero of NFL Network reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown suffered a torn ACL, MCL and PCL in his knee last December and is closing in on his 2025 season debut with the Cowboys coming out of their Week 10 bye. Overshown should mix in at linebacker alongside Kenneth Murray and trade pickup Logan Wilson.
Nov 4, 2025
Trending toward Week 11 return
Head coach Brian Schottenheimer said Tuesday that Overshown (knee) is "trending" toward being activated from injured reserve ahead of the Cowboys' Week 11 clash against the Raiders on Monday, Nov. 17, Joe Hoyt of The Dallas Morning News reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown is in the final stages of his rehab from a torn ACL, MCL and PCL that he suffered in December. His 21-day practice window opened Oct. 22, and while he wasn't ready to return for Weeks 8 and 9, the expectation is that he'll be available to make his 2025 debut in Week 11. Overshown's return would bolster a Cowboys linebacker corps that will be without Jack Sanborn (groin) for at least four games after the latter was placed on injured reserve Monday.
Nov 1, 2025
Officially ruled out for Week 9
Overshown (knee) has been ruled out ahead of Monday's game against the Cardinals, Todd Archer of ESPN.com reports.
ANALYSIS
It was previously reported that Overshown is in line to make his season debut in Week 11 after recovering from a very serious knee injury. He practiced in limited capacity throughout the week, but has been ruled out for Monday's game against the Cardinals, as expected.
Oct 31, 2025
On track to return Week 11
Overshown (knee/thumb) is expected to be activated off the Cowboys' reserve/PUP list ahead of their Week 11 game against the Raiders on Monday, Nov. 17, Jon Machota of The Athletic reports.
ANALYSIS
In addition to his knee injury, Machota relays that Overshown dislocated this thumb during Thursday's practice, though the thumb injury isn't considered serious. Overshown continues to rehab from a torn ACL, MCL and PCL that he suffered in December, which caused him to start the 2025 regular season on the PUP list. He won't be available to play against the Cardinals on Sunday but is on track to return following the Cowboys' Week 10 bye.
Oct 30, 2025
Limited in Thursday's practice
Overshown (knee) was a limited participant in Thursday's practice, Jon Machota of The Athletic reports.
ANALYSIS
Machota relays that Overshown was tagged as limited after briefly leaving Thursday's practice before returning later in the session. The third-year linebacker continues to rehab from torn a ACL, MCL and PCL that he sustained in December and has spent the first half of the 2025 regular season on the reserve/PUP list. His 21-day practice window opened Oct. 22, and he would likely have to log full practices before being activated from the reserve/PUP list.
Oct 25, 2025
Believes he's more explosive
Overshown said this week that his athletic testing numbers are actually better than they were prior to last year's knee surgery, Jon Machota of The Athletic reports. "Stronger, faster, can jump higher, more explosive," the linebacker said. "You name it, I'm all of it. My game is not going to slow down."
ANALYSIS
The 2023 third-round pick has had trouble staying healthy in his NFL career, as surgeries on each knee have limited him to just 13 regular-season contests, all of them coming in 2024. Overshown was incredibly productive when on the field though, racking up 90 tackles (56 solo) including 5.0 sacks and recording four passes defended, one of which he turned into a 23-yard interception return for a touchdown in a Thanksgiving win over the Giants. He's not expected to make his 2025 debut until Week 11 against the Raiders, another prime time game on Monday Night Football, but Overshown figures to make an immediate IDP impact when he does in Matt Eberflus' very LB-friendly defensive scheme.
Oct 24, 2025
Won't return in Week 8
Overshown (knee) has been ruled out for Sunday's matchup against Denver, Patrik Walker of the Cowboys' official site reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown was designated to return from the reserve/PUP list Wednesday and logged a trio of limited practices this week. However, he's not ready to make his season debut and may not do so until utilizing his entire 21-day practice window. That means he might not see game action until Monday, Nov. 17 against Las Vegas.
Oct 22, 2025
Logs limited practice in return
Overshown (knee) logged a limited practice Wednesday, Clarence Hill Jr. of AllDLLS.com reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown has been sidelined all season while recovering from a torn ACL and MCL, but he was designated to return from the reserve/PUP list Wednesday. He's expected to use the full practice window before retaking the field, lining him up for a Week 11 return against the Raiders.
Oct 22, 2025
Back at practice
Overshown (knee) was designated to return from the reserve/PUP list Wednesday.
ANALYSIS
Overshown practiced for the first time Wednesday since tearing his ACL, MCL and PCL during Dallas' 2024 campaign. The Texas product recorded 90 total tackles, including 5.0 sacks, and four passes defended in just 13 regular-season contests last season. He now has 21 days to be added to the Cowboys' active roster before reverting to IR. Once fully healthy, he's likely to operate as the team's top inside linebacker.
Oct 20, 2025
Practice window opening soon
Overshown (knee) is expected to return to Cowboys' practice later this week, Jon Machota of The Athletic reports.
ANALYSIS
The third-year pro from Texas remains on the reserve/PUP list as he continues to work his way back from a torn ACL, MCL and PCL sustained last season. However, his 21-day practice window is expected to be opened later this week, with hopes that he can return for Dallas' Week 11 matchup against the Raiders. Once Overshown returns to full health, he's likely to operate as one of the Cowboys' starting inside linebackers.
Oct 15, 2025
Return in play after bye
Cowboys owner and general manager Jerry Jones said Wednesday that Overshown (knee) could return Week 11 versus the Raiders, after Dallas' bye, Todd Archer of ESPN reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown remains on the reserve/PUP list while working his way back from a torn ACL, MCL, and PCL in his right knee suffered last December. Early in the regular season Overshown said that he anticipated returning to action before Thanksgiving, a timetable that seems to still be realistic. Once cleared to retake the field, Overshown's presence will provide a notable boost for the Cowboys' defense, which has struggled significantly to open the 2025 campaign.
Sep 16, 2025
Could return before Thanksgiving
Overshown told reporters Monday that he's "feeling good" about his recovery from a from a severe injury from the 2024 season and noted "I feel like I'll be playing football before Thanksgiving with the team," Joe Hoyt of The Dallas Morning News reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown started the season on the active/PUP list while recovering from a torn ACL, MCL and PCL that he suffered in December. He's unlikely to be available to return when first eligible (Week 5 against the Jets on Sunday, Oct. 5), but a mid-November return is in the cards for the 2023 third-rounder. Damone Clark and Marist Liufau will continue to see snaps at linebacker for as long as Overshown is sidelined.
Aug 26, 2025
Out first four games, at minimum
The Cowboys placed Overshown (ACL) on the reserve/PUP list Tuesday.
ANALYSIS
Overshown will have to miss at least the first four games of the regular season as a result of the transaction, making him eligible to return Week 5 against the Jets on Oct. 5 at the earliest. The 2023 third-round pick is working his way back from a right knee injury suffered Week 14 of last season, when he tore his ACL, MCL and PCL, so it wouldn't be surprising if he requires longer than the four-game minimum to get healthy.
Jul 22, 2025
Officially placed on PUP list
The Cowboys placed Overshown (knee) on the active/PUP list Tuesday.
ANALYSIS
Overshown suffered a gruesome knee injury in Week 14 last season, blowing out his ACL, MCL and PCL in the process. He's fully expected to transfer to reserve/PUP to begin the season, which would cost him at least the first four games. Overshown is hoping to be back on the field around the middle of the season, according to ESPN's Jeremy Fowler.
Jul 21, 2025
Hoping for midseason return
Overshown (knee) intends to play in 2025 but is hoping for a midseason return and will likely begin the regular season on the PUP list, Jeremy Fowler of ESPN reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown met with Dr. Neal ElAttrache in July, and the meeting reinforced the linebacker's plan to suit up in 2025 after tearing his ACL, MCL and PCL in December. If Overshown is placed on the PUP/reserve list to begin the regular season, he would miss a minimum of four games, but that move would be precipitated by an official transaction from the team.
Apr 9, 2025
Not looking great for Week 1
Cowboys EVP Stephen Jones said last week that there's a "good chance" Overshown (knee) "may not be available" come Week 1, Nick Harris of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown had surgery Dec. 18 to address ACL, MCL and PCL tears in his right knee. He said his recovery timeline is nine months, not ruling out a Week 1 appearance, although the timing and severity of his injury mean it won't come as any surprise if he isn't ready for the start of the season. The 2024 third-round pick had a fantastic rookie year pre-injury, starting 12 of his 13 games and recording 90 tackles, five sacks, four pass defenses, one interception, one forced fumble and one fumble recovery. Overshown even had four games in which he played every defensive snap and four others at 85 percent or higher, earning a three-down role within the first month of his pro career.
Jan 6, 2025
Plans to return before December
Overshown said Monday that the recovery timeline for his knee injury is nine months, Calvin Watkins of The Dallas Morning News reports.
ANALYSIS
After suffering a gruesome injury in Week 14 versus the Bengals that required surgery to repair the ACL, MCL and PCL in his right knee, Overshown's stated timetable for return seems optimistic. He was establishing himself as a key contributor to Dallas' defense this season before getting hurt, so he profiles as a starting candidate at inside linebacker whenever he's ready to play again.
Dec 18, 2024
Undergoes knee surgery
Overshown underwent a successful procedure Wednesday to repair the ACL, MCL and PCL in his right knee, Jordan Schultz of Fox Sports reports.
ANALYSIS
After the surgery, there's optimism Overshown could return to game action as soon as the middle of the 2025 season, an encouraging prognosis considering the nature of the injury he suffered in Week 14. In the meantime, promising rookie third-rounder Marist Liufau projects to continue to play a major role at linebacker.
Dec 14, 2024
Moved to injured reserve
Overshown (knee) was placed on IR on Saturday, Todd Archer of ESPN.com reports.
ANALYSIS
This was a foregone conclusion, as Overshown is slated for surgery to repair the ACL, MCL and PCL in his right knee. The Texas product was enjoying a breakout campaign, tallying 90 tackles (including 5.0 sacks), a pick-six and a forced fumble, prior to suffering the injury on Monday Night Football Week 14 against Cincinnati. It's not yet clear how long Overshown will need to rehab, but he's unlikely to be ready to play by the start of the 2025 campaign.
Dec 10, 2024
Suffers significant knee injury
Overshown (knee) is scheduled to undergo season-ending surgery after having torn the ACL, MCL and PCL in his right knee during Monday night's loss to Cincinnati. Todd Archer of ESPN.com reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown was enjoying a breakout Year 2 campaign prior to Monday's injury, having racked up 90 tackles (56 solo), inducing 5.0 sacks, across 13 appearances. The 2023 third-round pick also had four pass breakups, one interception (which he returned for a touchdown), one forced fumble and one fumble recovery. The timing of Overshown's severe knee injury is particularly brutal, as it seems likely to negatively impact his availability for the start of the 2025 campaign.
Dec 10, 2024
Will need surgery on knee
Owner Jerry Jones said that Overshown will need surgery to address the knee injury he sustained during Monday's game versus the Bengals, Todd Archer of ESPN.com reports.
ANALYSIS
Also per Archer, the Cowboys fear that Overshown suffered damage to his right knee beyond a torn ACL. The team is still waiting for MRI results to confirm which specific ligaments were injured. It's all but a foregone conclusion that Overshown will spend the rest of the current campaign on injured reserve, which in the meantime would lead to an expanded role for rookie third-rounder Marist Liufau.
Dec 10, 2024
Appears to have serious injury
Cowboys coach Mike McCarthy said after Monday's loss to the Bengals that Overshown's right knee injury is of a "serious nature," Nick Harris of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown hurt his knee in the fourth quarter of the loss to Cincinnati and didn't return to the contest. He left the locker room after the game on a cart and with a brace around his right knee, per Harris, and McCarthy's comments suggest the second-year defender's issue is more than short-term. Overshown was having a fantastic campaign prior to Monday, tallying 84 tackles -- including 5.0 sacks -- and a pick-six through 12 games. He didn't play in his rookie campaign after tearing the ACL in his left knee during the preseason.
Dec 9, 2024
Won't return Monday
Overshown (knee) has been ruled out for the rest of Monday night's game against the Bengals, Jon Machota of The Athletic reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown had the full weight of Ted Karras fall on his right leg early in the fourth quarter. Overshown was helped off the field by trainers and was shortly ruled out after making it to the locker room, where he'll presumably get imaging done to learn the reveal the extent of the injury. Rookie third-round pick Marist Liufau will take over at inside linebacker alongside Eric Kendricks due to Overshown's injury.
Dec 7, 2024
Good to go Monday vs. Cincy
Overshown (hamstring) does not carry an injury designation into Monday night's game against the Bengals, Adam Caplan of SiriusXM NFL Radio reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown was limited in the Cowboys' first two practices of the week due to a hamstring injury, but he managed to finish strong with a full practice Saturday and is good to go for Monday's contest. In the six games since the Cowboys' Week 7 bye, Overshown has logged 43 tackles (24 solo), including 4.0 sacks, one fumble recovery and a pick-six.
Dec 5, 2024
Nursing hamstring injury
Overshown (hamstring) was limited in Thursday's practice, Adam Caplan of SiriusXM NFL Radio reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown had a career night against the Giants in Week 13, when he logged nine tackles (five solo) and added a 23-yard interception return for a touchdown. Despite the additional rest, it appears the second-year linebacker is working through a hamstring issue. He'll have two more chances to increase his practice participation this week ahead of Sunday's game against the Bengals.
Dec 2, 2024
Dazzles on first career TD
Overshown recorded nine tackles (five solo) and added a 23-yard interception return for a touchdown in a 27-20 win over the Giants on Thanksgiving.
ANALYSIS
The second-year linebacker made the play of the game in the second quarter, blowing up Devin Singletary on an attempted block and then getting his hand on the ball and tipping it into the air when Drew Lock tried to flick a screen pass to the running back. Overshown ran under the ball and then sprinted to the end zone, giving him his first career INT and TD. After sitting out his entire rookie season due to an ACL tear, Overshown is having a breakout 2024, racking up 84 tackles including 5.0 sacks with three total passes defended, a forced fumble and a fumble recovery in 12 contests.
Nov 14, 2024
Logs full practice Thursday
Overshown (knee) was a full practice participant Thursday, Adam Caplan of SiriusXM NFL Radio reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown underwent X-rays on his knee following the Cowboys' Week 10 loss to the Eagles. He was diagnosed with bursitis in his right knee, but that doesn't appear to be a major issue as he was able to practice Thursday without limitations. Unless he suffers a setback, Overshown should suit up against Houston on Monday. In the three games since Dallas' Week 7 bye, Overshown has logged 26 tackles (14 solo), including 3.0 sacks.
Nov 11, 2024
Avoids significant injury
Overshown's x-rays on his knee following Sunday's game versus the Eagles came back negative, Ian Rapoport of NFL Network reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown was diagnosed with bursitis in his right knee, which doesn't seem like it should keep him off the field for too long. Dallas' first official practice report of the week Thursday should provide more information related to his potential availability for Week 11.
Nov 11, 2024
Leading tackler in loss
Overshown (knee) recorded a team-high 11 tackles, including 2.0 sacks, in Sunday's loss to the Eagles.
ANALYSIS
The second-year linebacker, who missed his entire rookie campaign due to a torn ACL, put together the first multi-sack game of his career while tying his career high in tackles. Overshown left the game midway through the third quarter after a rough landing on his knee, but per Ian Rapoport of NFL Network, the injury isn't thought to be serious. Overshown seems likely to be back in the lineup for a Week 11 clash with the Texans.
Nov 10, 2024
Questionable to return Sunday
Overshown (knee) is questionable to return to Sunday's contest against the Eagles, Jon Machota of The Athletic reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown suffered a knee injury in the third quarter and his status for the rest of the game is now up in the air. If Overshown is unable to return, Marist Liufau will likely see the majority of the snaps at strongside linebacker.
Nov 4, 2024
Makes seven stops in Week 9 loss
Overshown recorded seven tackles (four solo), including three for a loss, in Sunday's defeat against Atlanta.
ANALYSIS
Overshown had a strong game with three tackles behind the line of scrimmage, but his contributions weren't enough to keep Dallas from falling to 3-5. The second-year linebacker has put up steady tackle totals this season, registering at least seven stops in five of his eight games. Overshown has 56 tackles overall, including 2.0 sacks, on the campaign.
Oct 29, 2024
Tallies second sack of season
Overshown registered eight tackles (three solo), including 1.0 sacks, during Sunday's 30-24 loss to the 49ers.
ANALYSIS
Overshown tied Amani Oruwariye for the second-most tackles for the Cowboys on Sunday behind Eric Kendricks (nine). Overshown got his second sack of the regular season late in the fourth quarter as he took down Brock Purdy for a seven-yard sack. Through the first seven games of the regular season, Overshown has accumulated 49 tackles (31 solo), including 2.0 sacks, two pass breakups and one forced fumble.
Oct 8, 2024
Logs eight tackles vs. Pittsburgh
Overshown tallied eight tackles (seven solo) and one pass defended during Sunday's 20-17 win over the Steelers.
ANALYSIS
Overshown had the second-most tackles for the Cowboys on Sunday behind Eric Kendricks (10). For the first time this season, Overshown played every single defensive snap, and he's emerged as an integral piece of Mike Zimmer's defense. Overshown is up to 37 tackles (25 solo), including 1.0 sacks, and two passes defended through five regular-season games.
Sep 24, 2024
Plays 46 snaps as Jackson spy
Overshown registered six tackles (three solo) in Sunday's 28-25 loss to the Ravens.
ANALYSIS
Overshown saw the field for a season-high 46 defensive snaps, and much of his responsibility was playing in the spy role on Ravens quarterback Lamar Jackson. Overshown is up to 21 tackles (12 solo), including 1.0 sacks, through the first three games of the regular season. The 2023 third-round pick is second on the Cowboys in tackles behind Erick Kendricks (29).
Sep 9, 2024
Leading tackler in Week 1 win
Overshown recorded a team-high 11 tackles (five solo) including one sack in Sunday's win over the Browns.
ANALYSIS
The Cowboys' defense simply overwhelmed the Browns' offense, and Overshown's speed was on full display on his sack, as he closed on a scrambling Deshaun Watson too quickly for the QB to react and get rid of the ball. Overshown, a third-round pick in 2023, missed his entire rookie season due to a torn ACL, but he is 100 percent healthy to begin 2024 and figures to have a significant role in Mike Zimmer's defense.
Sep 4, 2024
Absent from injury report
Overshown (hip) was not listed on the Cowboys' injury report Wednesday, Nick Harris of the team's official site reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown has been nursing a hip pointer injury since mid-August, but the 2023 third-round pick appears to be healthy enough to participate in team drills. He missed his rookie season due to a torn ACL injury, and he's slated to begin the year in a depth linebacker role behind starters Marist Liufau, Eric Kendricks and Damone Clark.
Aug 15, 2024
Dealing with hip injury
Overshown sat out the end of practice Wednesday due to a hip pointer, Nick Harris of DallasCowboys.com reports.
ANALYSIS
The linebacker didn't leave the field and the issue doesn't appear to be a serious one, but Overshown can't afford to miss much time in camp after sitting out his entire rookie season due to a torn ACL. The 2023 third-round pick is competing with 2024 third-round pick Marist Liufau for one open starting spot alongside Eric Kendricks and Damone Clark (knee).
Jul 25, 2024
Healthy again
Overshown (knee) is healthy once again, Nick Harris of the Cowboys' official site reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown was a third-round pick last year, but he missed the entirety of his rookie season due to a torn ACL. The 23-year-old will look to make his NFL debut once the season begins, where he will likely contribute as a depth linebacker.
May 24, 2024
Still rehabbing
Overshown (knee) is working with a rehab group off to the side during OTAs, Nick Harris of the Cowboys' official site reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown sustained a ruptured ACL back in August and had to sit out his entire rookie season as a result. With Leighton Vander Esch now retired from football and Rashaan Evans now a free agent, Overshown should have a chance to earn a significant role at linebacker this season, provided he continues to recover at his current rate.
May 22, 2024
Recovery going well
Head coach Mike McCarthy told reporters Wednesday that Overshown is ahead of schedule in his recovery from an ACL tear last August, Clarence E. Hill Jr. of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram reports.
ANALYSIS
The 2023 third-round pick was slated to have a big role in the Cowboys' linebacker corps before tearing his ACL during Dallas' second preseason game. During Overshown's final season at Texas, he recorded 96 total tackles, including 4.0 sacks and an additional six tackles for loss, while also defending five passes. The Cowboys added veteran linebacker Eric Kendricks earlier in the offseason, but Overshown could still see loads of playing time once he returns to the field.
Aug 30, 2023
Officially lands on IR
The Cowboys placed Overshown (knee) on injured reserve Tuesday, Nick Harris of the team's official site reports.
ANALYSIS
The rookie third-round pick suffered a torn left ACL during a preseason game against the Seahawks, so his placement on season-ending IR comes as no surprise. His absence sets up Markquese Bell for an increased reserve role, though Dallas should be expected to make further additions to the linebacker corps.
Aug 20, 2023
Out for season
Overshown tore his ACL during Saturday's loss to the Seahawks, Michael Gehlken of The Dallas Morning News reports.
ANALYSIS
Overshown was selected in the third of the draft back in May and will now miss the entirety of his rookie season. The 23-year-old was slated to provide depth behind Jabril Cox but will now spend the season rehabbing his injury.
Aug 19, 2023
Carted to locker room Saturday
Overshown suffered a left knee injury in Saturday's preseason game against the Seahawks and will not return, Nick Eatman of the Cowboys' official site reports.
ANALYSIS
Picked in the third round of April's Draft, Overshown hobbled off the field in the first half and was tended to by trainers before hopping on a cart to the locker room.
Aug 9, 2023
Flashing in camp
Overshown continues to make impact plays every day in practice, Jon Machota of The Athletic reports.
ANALYSIS
The 2023 third-round pick out of Texas could wind up seeing most of his action as a rookie on special teams if the linebackers ahead of him on the depth chart -- Leighton Vander Esch, Damone Clark and Jabril Cox -- stay healthy, but Overshown has caught the eye of head coach Mike McCarthy in camp. "He's had flash plays every day, whether it's on a punt cover [or something else]," McCarthy said Tuesday. "He's moving up the charts on special teams, which we're excited about. I know [defensive coordinator Dan] Quinn feels really good about him. I know [linebackers coach Scott] McCurley talks about his command for a young player. You talk about hit and run and shooting the gap, he pulls the trigger pretty naturally for a young guy. I've been impressed with him." Overshown may have to wait his turn to shine on defense, but Vander Esch's injury history in particular suggests the rookie will get his chance to make an IDP splash at some point during the regular season.
Apr 28, 2023
Stays in Texas with Dallas
The Cowboys selected Overshown in the third round of the 2023 NFL Draft, 90th overall.
ANALYSIS
Overshown (6-foot-3, 229 pounds) is a linebacker now but previously played safety at Texas until switching positions in 2020, giving him a potentially ideal mix of skills for a Dan Quinn defense. Overshown is more of a developmental project, but as he continues to bulk up, his standout athleticism could allow him to enjoy an accelerated learning curve.
Apr 28, 2023
Stays in Texas with Dallas
The Cowboys selected Overshown in the third round of the 2023 NFL Draft, 90th overall.
ANALYSIS
Overshown (6-foot-3, 229 pounds) is a linebacker now but previously played safety at Texas until switching positions in 2020, giving him a potentially ideal mix of skills for a Dan Quinn defense. Overshown is more of a developmental project, but as he continues to bulk up, his standout athleticism could allow him to enjoy an accelerated learning curve.